Result of the research : 'mendé'
African Art on the Internet
15th Triennial Symposium on African Art, Arts Council of the African Studies Association, 2011, Wednesday, March 23 - Saturday, March 26, 2011, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
http://www.acasaonline.org/conf_next.htm
Addis Art - Ethiopian Art and Artists Page
Contemporary Ethiopian art and artists - paintings, sculptures and digital art work by students and professionals from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. University instructor, Getahun Assefa's paintings, drawings, sculpture, digital art. Also work by his brother, Tesfaye Assefa. Based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [KF] http://www.addisart.com/
Addis Art - Nouveau Art from Ethiopia
Artists include Shiferaw Girma and Lulseged Retta. Photographs of each artist's work, a biography, and video. Founded by Mesai Haileleul. [KF] http://www.addis-art.com/
Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke
History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. See also the Adire African Textiles blog. Based in London. http://www.adireafricantextiles.com/
Afewerk Tekle
"Ethiopia’s leading artist." Biography, his paintings, sculptures, mosaics, murals, art in the artist's home. Afewerk created the stained-glass windows at the entrance of Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. "In 1964, he became the first winner of the Haile Selassie I prize for Fine Arts." "In 2000, he was one of the few chosen World Laureates by the council of the ABI on the occasion of the 27th
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ROY D. Christopher
Kilengi: African Art from the Bareiss Family Collection
Détails sur le produit: Relié: 419 pages - Editeur: University of Washington Press (1 juin 1999) - Langue: Anglais - ISBN-10: 0295978228 - ISBN-13: 978-0295978222
From Library Journal: Kilengi is a Bantu term meaning "joy arising through beauty," a telling insight into the importance of art in Africa. This catalog in coffee-table format was produced to accompany a traveling exhibition of Walter Bareiss's African art collection, previously in Iowa City and now in Purchase, NY. The collection, although only recently assembled, is intriguing because of its high quality and because it focuses on East and South Africa, regions often overlooked. Roy's introduction incisively criticizes scholars' and collectors' overemphasis of West African art. His essay describing the major categories of objects represented in the collection is not innovative in approach but will be useful for the general reader. This book's greatest strength lies in both George Meister's exquisite photography, which highlights the visual power of the collected objects, and in Roy's extensively researched catalog entries. Overall, this is a visually stunning, very reasonably priced publication; highly recommended for any library with an interest in African art.AEugene C. Burt, Art Inst. of Seattle Lib., WA Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information,
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PHILLIPS Tom
AFRICA: The Art of a Continent
Détails sur le produit:
Broché: 620 pages - Editeur: Prestel; Édition: illustrated edition (30 décembre 1999)
Collection: African, Asian & Oceanic Art - Langue: Anglais
(ISBN: 3791320041 / 3-7913-2004-1)
PHILLIPS Tom - AFRICA: The Art of a Continent
Présentation de l'éditeur
Descriptions du produit:
Présentation de l'éditeur
From Library Journal
Associated with an exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum, this book provides a survey of 100 visually spectacular objects from Africa. As befits current thinking, the catalog (and exhibition) surveys the entire continent, including ancient Egypt and Nubia and north and northwestern Africa as well as the sub-Saharan region. Each object is reproduced in color and accompanied by extensive catalog entries written by over 60 expert contributors. The catalog section is preceded by five essays contributed by major scholars in the field. The essays discuss the nature of African art and its appreciation. Gates's article on the ambivalence displayed by 20th-century Western appreciation and Suzanne Blier's essay on the myths and misconceptions surrounding African art are especially valuable contributions. Highly recommended for any library with an interest in African art.?Eugene C. Burt, Art Inst. of Seattle Lib.
Book Description
As the birthplace of the human race, Africa possesses a cultural history of
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MEYER Laure
Art and craft in Africa: Everyday life, ritual, court art
Détails sur le produit:
Broché: 207 pages - Editeur: Terrail, first English edition, 1995. - Langue: Anglais
ISBN-10: 2879390982 - ISBN-13: 978-2879390987
Descriptions du produit:
Most museum exhibitions and books on African art focus on masks and figurative sculptures, largely ignoring many types of objects common in African cultures that "demonstrate an aesthetic sensibility all the more remarkable for serving the humblest of purposes." In this volume, Meyer offers a splendidly illustrated survey of everyday, primarily utilitarian objects furnishings, culinary utensils, textiles, jewelry, weapons, musical instruments, games, pipes, regalia, that reveal undeniable beauty of design, ornamentation, or display. Less detailed and scholarly than Roy Sieber's catalog African Furniture and Household Objects (Indiana Univ. Pr., 1980), Meyer's work nevertheless offers concise introductions to scores of categories of objects that are both essential to, and revealing of, the nature of African life. Highly recommended for public library collections of African studies or art. Dr. Eugene C. Burt, Art Inst. of Seattle
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HAHNER-HERZOG Iris, Maria Kecskesi, Lazlo Vajda
African Masks: From the Barbier-Mueller Collection
Détails sur le produit:
Broché: 287 pages - Editeur: Prestel; Édition: illustrated edition (2002) - Collection: African, Asian & Oceanic Art - Langue: Anglais
ISBN-10: 3791327097 - ISBN-13: 3-7913-2709-7
HAHNER-HERZOG Iris, Maria Kecskesi, Lazlo Vajda:
African Masks: From the Barbier-Mueller Collection
Descriptions du produit: Descrizione libro
Descriptions du produit:
Descrizione libro
From Library Journal
These two books by the same publisher are very similar in a number of ways?they are designed to accompany major European exhibitions; contain hundreds of visually impressive photos of some of the finest works of African artistry; and cover the art of Africa while emphasizing the sculpture of West and Central Africa. These similarities aside, the books differ significantly in terms of the nature of the text and the focus of the content. Early in the 20th century a small number of European collectors acquired significant collections of African art. Han Coray (1880-1974), a modern art dealer in Zurich, was one of the earliest of those collectors, and his extensive collection eventually became the property of the Zurich University Ethnographic Museum. African Art is a catalog of that collection, with over 300 photographs of the objects. While most of the catalog entries provide useful information about the objects, some are unsatisfyingly only descriptive. More than a dozen essays are also provided,
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Full text, digitalised by Lies Strijker and presented by the .Centre Aequatoria
Notes on the digitalisation and presentation
[Cover]
[1: empty]
[2]
IMPRIMI POTEST
Kanzenze, 12-2-1952
P. Simeon, o.m.f.
Sup. Reg.
IMPRIMATUR
Luabo-Kamina, 30-5-1952
+VICTOR PETRUS KEUPPENS
Vic. Ap. de Lulua
[3]
BANTU PHILOSOPHY
by
The Revd. Father PLACIDE TEMPELS
(Translated into English from "La Philosophie Bantoue" the French Version by Dr. A. Rubbens of Fr. Tempels' original work. The Revd. Colin King, M.A. Translator.)
With a Foreword to the English Edition by Dr Margaret Read, C.B.E.Ph. D.,M.A., formerly Professor of Education and Head of the Department Of Education in Tropical Areas, The
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Tribal Art - Jean-Baptiste BacquaSee the continuation... ]
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Art primitif : prix du désir, prix de l’objet
AuteurRolande Bonnain-Dulon du même auteur
CRH/EHESS
24, bd de Magenta
75010 ParisRolande.Bonnain-Dulon@ehess.fr
« L’art primitif a influencé tout l’art contemporain.
C’est normal qu’il ait un prix. »(Jeune marchand parisien)
« Noirs désirs » [Télérama, 26/06/2003], « Bas les masques » [Libération, 1/07/2001], « La ruée vers l’or noir » [Le Figaro, 2/07/2001], « Les sortilèges de l’art africain » [Le Figaro, dossier Patrimoine, 26/10/2001], tous ces titres (et d’autres non moins accrocheurs) ont annoncé et suivi la dispersion aux enchères publiques en juillet 2001, soit un an après sa mort, de la collection d’art primitif d’Hubert Goldet, grand amateur et cofondateur de la revue ArtPress. La vente, qui avait duré deux jours et attiré amateurs, marchands et curieux d’Europe et d’Amérique, avait joui d’un énorme succès : 644 lots proposés et vendus pour la somme de 88,4 millions de francs avec les frais soit 13,5 millions d’euros. Cet événement témoigne, s’il en est encore besoin, que ce domaine de l’art, l’un des derniers découverts par l’Occident, n’est plus confidentiel et déborde le cadre du petit monde des initiés. Depuis son ouverture en avril 2000, le pavillon des
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Extrait du monde diplomatique DES EXHIBITIONS RACISTES QUI FASCINAIENT LES EUROPÉENS Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale
Comment cela a-t-il été possible ? Les Européens sont-ils capables de prendre la mesure de ce que révèlent les « zoos humains » de leur culture, de leurs mentalités, de leur inconscient et de leur psychisme collectif ? Double question alors que s’ouvre enfin, à Paris, au c ur du temple des arts - le Louvre -, la première grande exposition sur les arts premiers. Par Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard et Sandrine LemaireLes zoos humains, expositions ethnologiques ou villages nègres restent des sujets complexes à aborder pour des pays qui mettent en exergue l’égalité de tous les êtres humains. De fait, ces zoos, où des individus « exotiques » mêlés à des bêtes sauvages étaient montrés en spectacle derrière des grilles ou des enclos à un public avide de distraction, constituent la preuve la plus évidente du décalage existant entre discours et pratique au temps de l’édification des empires coloniaux. « Cannibales australiens mâles et femelles. La seule et unique colonie de cette race sauvage, étrange, défigurée et la plus brutale jamais attirée de l’intérieur des contrées sauvages. Le plus bas ordre de l’humanité (1). » L’idée de promouvoir un spectacle zoologique mettant en scène des populations exotiques apparaît en parallèle dans plusieurs pays européens au cours des
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Marius de Zayas "Mrs Brown-Potter" by Marius de Zayas. Published in Camera Work, No 29 1910Marius de Zayas Enriquez y Calmet (March 13, 1880-January 10, 1961), was an early 20th century Mexican artist, writer and art gallery owner who was influential in the New York arts circles of the 1910s and 1920s. Life
De Zayas was born to wealthy and aristocratic parents in Veracruz, Mexico. His father, Rafael de Zayas (1848–1932) was a noted journalist, novelist, dramatist, poet and lawyer. He established two newspapers in Veracruz, and it was there that his sons Marius and George developed their artistic careers by providing illustrations for the papers. In 1906 the two brothers began providing caricatures for Mexico City's leading newspaper El Diario, which was founded by American-born journalist Benjamin De Casseres. A year later the de Zayas newspapers took a strong editorial stance against Mexican President Porfirio Diaz, and under threat their family left Mexico and settled in New York. Shortly after arriving in New York, de Zayas took a position drawing caricatures for the New York Evening World, and he quickly established a reputation for his witty parodies of prominent citizens. Through his connections with other artists in the city he became acquainted with Alfred Stieglitz, and in January 1909 Stieglitz exhibited a group of de Zayas's caricatures at his art gallery, "291". A year later Stieglitz gave de Zayas another exhibit in which he brought his caricatures to a three-dimensional level. On a large wooden platform he created more than 100 free-standing cardboard cutouts of some of New York's most prominent people, seen strolling down Fifth Avenue in front of the Plaza Hotel. The show became such a hit that lines were often stretched far outside the doorway to the
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Extrait du monde diplomatique DES EXHIBITIONS RACISTES QUI FASCINAIENT LES EUROPÉENS Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale
Comment cela a-t-il été possible ? Les Européens sont-ils capables de prendre la mesure de ce que révèlent les « zoos humains » de leur culture, de leurs mentalités, de leur inconscient et de leur psychisme collectif ? Double question alors que s’ouvre enfin, à Paris, au c ur du temple des arts - le Louvre -, la première grande exposition sur les arts premiers. Par Nicolas Bancel, Pascal Blanchard et Sandrine LemaireLes zoos humains, expositions ethnologiques ou villages nègres restent des sujets complexes à aborder pour des pays qui mettent en exergue l’égalité de tous les êtres humains. De fait, ces zoos, où des individus « exotiques » mêlés à des bêtes sauvages étaient montrés en spectacle derrière des grilles ou des enclos à un public avide de distraction, constituent la preuve la plus évidente du décalage existant entre discours et pratique au temps de l’édification des empires coloniaux. « Cannibales australiens mâles et femelles. La seule et unique colonie de cette race sauvage, étrange, défigurée et la plus brutale jamais attirée de l’intérieur des contrées sauvages. Le plus bas ordre de l’humanité (1). » L’idée de promouvoir un spectacle zoologique mettant en scène des populations exotiques apparaît en parallèle dans plusieurs pays européens au cours des années 1870. En Allemagne, tout d’abord, où, dès 1874, Karl Hagenbeck, revendeur d’animaux sauvages et futur promoteur des principaux zoos européens,
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galeries art africain,gallerie art africain, galerie art africain, galerie d art africain, art,sculptures, art sculpture, galerie d art,galerie art en ligne, galerie art contemporain, expo art africain, galerie, exposition art africain, achat art contemporain, exposition, expositions, art africain, art premier, art primitif, arts premiers, arts primitifs, art, arts, primitif, primitifs, primitive, premier, premiers, tribal, tribals, african, africain, oeuvre, oeuvres, musée, museum, antiquités, antiquaire,antiques, Paris, Orsay, Verneuil, Mona Lisa, Louvre, galerie, gallery, Africa, Afrika,Afrique,histoire, history, art objects, objects, mask, masks, masque, masques, statues,statue, fétiches, fétiche, carving, siège, seat, appuie-nuque, artiste, artistique, achat,vente, expertise, Picasso, André, Breton, Jacques, Kerchache, Vlaminck, Quai Branly, Marcel,Griaule, Jean, Rouch, Cameroun, Bamiléké, Bamoun, Dogon, Bandiagara, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire,Ivory Coast, Liberia, Yoruba, Baoulé, Sénoufo, Kota, Bambara, Ashanti, Ghana, Bangwa, Cokwe,Tchokwe, Kifwebe, Burkina Faso, Gabon, Fang, Punu, Ethiopie, Ethiopia, Benin,art art africain primitif art primitives art mask yoruba african arts primitifs art arts premiers art africain expert gallery african galerie d'art africain masque statue art d'afrique noire exposition primitive tribal africa afrika, premier, premiers, art premier, arts premier, art premiers, arts premiers, musee art premier, musee arts premier, musee arts premiers, les arts premiers, les arts premier, les art premier, galerie art premier,galerie arts premier, galerie arts premiers, exposition art premier, exposition art premiers,exposition arts premiers, primitif, primitifs, art primitif, arts primitif, art primitifs,arts primitifs, musee art primitif, museearts primitif, musee arts primitifs, les arts primitifs, les arts, primitif,
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African art
African art constitutes one of the most diverse legacies on earth. Though many casual observers tend to generalize "traditional" African art, the continent is full of peoples, societies, and civilizations, each with a unique visual special culture. The definition also includes the art of the African Diasporas, such as the art of African Americans. Despite this diversity, there are some unifying artistic themes when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa.
* Emphasis on the human figure: The human figure has always been a the primary subject matter for most African art, and this emphasis even influenced certain European traditions. For example in the fifteenth century Portugal traded with the Sapi culture near the Ivory Coast in West Africa, who created elaborate ivory saltcellars that were hybrids of African and European designs, most notably in the addition of the human figure (the human figure typically did not appear in Portuguese saltcellars). The human figure may symbolize the living or the dead, may reference chiefs, dancers, or various trades such as drummers or hunters, or even may be an anthropomorphic representation of a god or have other votive function. Another common theme is the inter-morphosis of human and animal.
Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century A.D.
* Visual abstraction: African artworks tend to favor visual abstraction over naturalistic representation. This is because many African artworks generalize stylistic norms. Ancient Egyptian art, also usually thought of as naturalistically depictive, makes use of highly abstracted and regimented visual canons, especially in painting, as well as the use of different colors to represent the qualities and characteristics of an individual being depicted.
* Emphasis on sculpture: African artists
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Mendés
Les Mendés forment une ethnie vivant en Sierra Leone, au Libéria et en Guinée-Conakry. Ils sont approximativement 700 000.
Les Mendés en Sierra Leone
Leur tradition orale indique qu'ils sont venus du Soudan entre le IIe et le XVIe siècle.
Le peuple mendé s'est fixé dans son habitat actuel à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, à cheval sur le nord-ouest du Libéria et sur le sud-ouest de la Sierra Leone, après s'être longtemps opposé à l'hégémonie des royaumes côtiers dirigés par les actuels peuples Baga et Landuman. Situé en zone tropicale humide, le territoire des Mendés, couvert de forêts secondaires, de prairies et de savanes arborées est traversé de nombreuses rivières.
Organisation sociale
L'organisation familiale des Mendés repose sur les patriclans (clans structurés par la filiation patrilinéaire) et le mariage, qui repose sur une très large polygynie, est de résidence virilocale (les époux résident auprès de la famille du mari). Le village mendé constitue la division politique de base. Il est scindé en quartiers, dirigés chacun par un ancien. Les villages
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Datation
Littéralement, la datation est l'attribution d'une date. Ce terme peut donc s’appliquer à un évènement passé, un objet, un document, un fossile, une couche géologique ou encore un niveau archéologique.
Il désigne globalement la démarche, scientifique ou non, qui consiste à déterminer l’intervalle de temps séparant l’élément daté du temps présent.
On parle de « datation absolue » lorsque la datation mise en œuvre aboutit à un résultat chiffré exprimé en unité de temps (années, secondes, etc.). Par opposition, l’expression « datation relative » désigne la démarche qui consiste à déterminer l'ordre chronologique d'évènements ou d'objets du passé, sans connaître leurs âges réels. Une confusion est parfois faite entre les deux, lorsque dans le cadre d'une datation relative, la chronologie s'étend jusqu'au présent — ainsi, les « âges » des périodes définies par datation relative en stratigraphie sont souvent pris pour argent comptant, bien qu'ils n'aient de sens que comme des intervalles de temps circonscrits définis par rapport à tous les autres.
Datation par les sources écrites
Elle concerne la période historique. Avant le milieu du XXe siècle, les sources écrites (textes, inscriptions, etc.) constituaient les principaux éléments de datation à la disposition des historiens pour effectuer la datation des évènements historiques, avec les risques d’imprécisions et d’erreur que cela comporte.
Datation relative
Avant le
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Tristan Tzara
Born April 4 or April 16, 1896
Moineşti, Kingdom of Romania
Died December 25, 1963 (aged 67)
Paris, France
Pen name S. Samyro, Tristan, Tristan Ruia, Tristan Ţara, Tr. Tzara
Occupation poet, essayist, journalist, playwright, performance artist, composer, film director, politician, diplomat
Nationality Romanian, French
Writing period 1912–1963
Guillaume Apollinaire, Henri Barzun, Fernand Divoire, Alfred Jarry, Jules Laforgue, Comte de Lautréamont, Maurice Maeterlinck, Adrian Maniu, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Ion Minulescu, Christian Morgenstern, Francis Picabia, Arthur Rimbaud, Urmuz, François Villon, Walt Whitman
Influenced
Louis Aragon, Marcel Avramescu, Samuel Beckett, André Breton, William S. Burroughs, Andrei Codrescu, Jacques G.
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Les collections d'art africain dans les musées du monde
L'Amérique
Bermudes
Hamilton
Bermuda National Gallery
City Hall, Church Street
lu-sa 10-16
Arts d'Afrique occidentale: Bamana, Bwa, Bete, Guro, Yaoure, Senufo, Ashanti, Yoruba, Ibo, Bamileke...
Brésil
Bahia
Museu Afro-Brasileiro. Universidade Federal da Bahia
Terreiro de Jesus
ma-sa 9-17
Arts et objets cultuels d'Afrique Noire: Yoruba...
Sao Paulo
Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. Universidade de Sao Paulo
Cidade Universitaria. Av. Prof Almeida Prado
ma-ve 9-17; sa 10-14
Ethnographie de l'Afrique noire. Exposition permanente "Culturas e Sociedades"
Canada
Calgary
Glenbow Museum
130 9th Avenue S.E.
ma-di 9-17
Arts d'Afrique occidentale: Baga, Senufo, Ashanti, Yoruba, Ibo, Yaunde, Bamileke... (non exposés en permanence)
Kingston (Ontario)
Agnes Etherington Art Centre. Queens University
Queens University Campus
ma-ve 10-17; sa-di 13-17
Arts d'Afrique occidentale: Bidyogo, Dogon, Bamana, Bankoni, Mossi, Dan, Senufo, Baule, Yaure, Anyi, Ashanti, Fanti...
Arts du Nigeria: Yoruba, Ibo, Urhobo, Koro, Mama, Kaka...
Arts du Gabon et du Congo: Fang, Kota, Bembe, Kongo, Yombe, Pende, Luba, Hemba, Lega, Songye, Tshokwe... (Coll. Lang)
Montréal
Musée des beaux-arts
1379-1380 rue
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments. The main building, often referred to simply as "the Met," is one of the world's largest art galleries, and has a much smaller second location in Upper Manhattan, at "The Cloisters," which features medieval art.
Represented in the permanent collection are works of art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine and Islamic art. The museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of notable interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Met's galleries.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue.
As of 2007, the Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet.
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Even presented beyond their ethnographic context, the female representations produced by African artists remain strong, both aesthetic choices remain compelling. The Eye Gallery and the Main has a selection of works whose wife is the central subject: maternity, reliquaries, dolls, locks, seats, fetishes, puppets, masks ... all traditional works produced for different purposes, often very utilitarian and share the lack of realism. Yet, the authority that comes from a Dogon figure, is the opposite of the impression that emanates submission in general models of feminine beauty, like the masks of pwo Tchokwe, which are worn by men, but also for the elaborate hairstyles of Mende, who are nevertheless confined exclusively female company. It can be found most touching a small doll of a woman Mossi biga fertility has focused on her and treated as his own child. It is just a simple piece of wood without arms or legs whose femininity is limited to a few signs - hair, eyes, breasts, ports - but just how easy and how success in abstraction.
"FEMINAFRICA" of Wednesday, May 17 to Friday, June 30, 2006.
African Art / African Art / primitive art / primitive art / primitive arts / art gallery / art Tribal / Tribal Art / Africa / Africa / eye and hand / first art gallery / buy / sell / expertise / expert / exposure / exhibition / collection / collectors / Paris / work / Verneuil / antiques / antique / museum / museum / mask / mask / statue / sculpture / Agalom / Armand Auxiètre / www.african-paris.com /
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P R E F A C E
In one of the chaos of rocks the most amazing of Africa, has a population of farmer-warriors who was one of the last of the French domain to lose its independence.
For most whites in West Africa, the Dogon are dangerous men, if not the most backward of the Federation. Ilspassent to practice human sacrifice and even to defend themselves better against all the outside influences that they live a difficult country. Some writers have told their small fears when supposedly daring excursions. From these legends and the pretext of revolts often due to misunderstandings, it has sometimes taken in exile of entire villages.
In short, the Dogon represent one of the finest examples of primitive savage and this opinion is shared by some black Muslims who, intellectually, are not better equipped than whites to appreciate those of their fellow faithful to ancestral traditions. Only officials who have assumed the heavy task of administering these men have learned to love them.
The author of this book and its many teammates attend the Dogon past fifteen years. They published the work of these men who are now the people's best-known French Sudan: The Souls of the Dogon (G. Dieterlen, 1941), The Currency (S. OF GANAY 1941), Masks (M. Griaule, 1938) have brought to scholarly evidence that blacks lived on complex ideas, but ordered, on systems of institutions and rituals where nothing is left to chance or whim. This work, already ten years ago, drew
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