Result of the research : 'morton'
La promotion des arts africains : survol historique d'un processus
En Occident, l’acquisition d’objets originaires d’Afrique remonte à l’époque de la Renaissance. Les États européens entament alors des expéditions commerciales vers d’autres contrées à la recherche de produits nouveaux.
Le discours sur les objets évolue selon le contexte idéologique et scientifique de l’Occident depuis le XVe siècle jusqu’à nos jours. Les pièces acquises par les Européens dans les sociétés africaines subissent alors 3 phases majeures d’appropriation et d’interprétation : (1) comme curiosité (XVe – XVIIIe siècle), (2) en tant qu’objets ethnographiques ensuite (XIXe siècle) et finalement (3) comme œuvres d’art (à partir du XXe siècle).
LES EUROPÉENS EN AFRIQUE
Le contexte historique de l’Europe du XVe et du XVIe siècle présente les premières manifestations idéologiques ayant participé à l’installation des colonies sur le continent africain. La montée de la classe bourgeoise dans le système économique lui permet d’imposer ses idées dans le développement des mentalités, principalement par les valeurs du marché économique et du progrès technique, vecteur de richesse. Ainsi, la découverte des autres continents est motivée par la recherche de nouveaux produits.
Les premières expéditions européennes vers le continent africain ont un caractère commercial indéniable et, elles remontent au XVe siècle. Elles ont d’abord lieu sur les côtes et permettent l’établissement de
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley (né John Rowlands) est un journaliste britannique né le 28 janvier 1841 à Dinbych dans le Denbighshire et mort le 10 mai 1904.
Son père était fermier et s'appelait John Rowlands. Tôt orphelin, il embarque, à l'âge de 15 ans, comme mousse pour l'Amérique. Il débarque à La Nouvelle-Orléans et est adopté par un riche négociant nommé Stanley, qui lui donne son patronyme. Il participe ensuite à la guerre de Sécession comme soldat sudiste avant de devenir le correspondant de divers journaux en Asie mineure et en Abyssinie (Éthiopie).
Henry Morton Stanley
Comment j'ai retrouvé Livingstone
Sa réputation grandit et, en 1869, le rédacteur en chef du New York Herald l'envoie à nouveau en Afrique équatoriale, avec pour mission de retrouver David Livingstone, parti à la recherche de la source du Nil et porté disparu, afin de réaliser un formidable scoop ! Il lui faudra de longs mois pour découvrir le célèbre explorateur. Il y parviendra le 10 novembre 1871. Livingstone bloqué à Ujiji sur les rives du lac Tanganyika, en Tanzanie, est malade et à court de vivres. Plus tard, Stanley publiera le récit de cette aventure qu'il intitulera : Comment j'ai retrouvé Livingstone ; ce
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Tribe
A tribe, is a social group of humans connected by a shared system of values and organized for mutual care, defense, and survival beyond that which could be attained by a lone individual or family. A 'tribe' is defined in anthropology. When viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe is a mutual care system which, unlike a kingdom or state or other schema, is oriented around kinship and shared beliefs. Tribes can well exist simultaneously with other schema (see Schema (psychology)) such as states or other systems. They might consist of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Tribes are the most enduring and successful social survival system that has ever existed on earth. Tribes can exist within or without a state or kingdom and may or may not depend on the state or kingdom to endure.
Many anthropologists use the term to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups.
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to states.
Etymology
The English word tribe occurs in 13th century Middle English literature as referring to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic
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Tribe
A tribe, is a social group of humans connected by a shared system of values and organized for mutual care, defense, and survival beyond that which could be attained by a lone individual or family. A 'tribe' is defined in anthropology. When viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe is a mutual care system which, unlike a kingdom or state or other schema, is oriented around kinship and shared beliefs. Tribes can well exist simultaneously with other schema (see Schema (psychology)) such as states or other systems. They might consist of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Tribes are the most enduring and successful social survival system that has ever existed on earth. Tribes can exist within or without a state or kingdom and may or may not depend on the state or kingdom to endure.
Many anthropologists use the term to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups.
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to states.
Etymology
The English word tribe occurs in 13th century Middle English literature as referring to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic
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D'un point de vue historique, une tribu consiste en une formation sociale existant avant la formation de l'État. Beaucoup de personnes utilisent ce terme pour faire référence à des peuples ayant des modes de vie non européens ou des sociétés indigènes. Certains ethnologues utilisent ce mot pour désigner les sociétés organisées sur la base des liens de parentés, spécialement des familles ayant une même descendance. Dans certains pays comme les États-Unis, ou l'Inde, les tribus sont des peuples indigènes qui ont une reconnaissance légale dans le pays concerné. Les gouvernements des tribus peuvent être un chef de tribu ou un sorte de conseil de tribu, qui représente la tribu et est généralement composé de personnes agées et sages.
Notion considérablement débattue chez les ethnologues : ces derniers voient des différences entre la tribu avant l'État et celle contemporaine ; certains de ces débats reflètent une controverse autour du colonianisme. Dans l'imagination populaire, les tribus reflètent un mode de vie prétendument plus "naturel" que l'État moderne. Les tribus auraient des avantages sociaux car elles sont homogènes, patriarcales et stables. Certains croient que les tribus sont organisées selon des liens de parentés, et ont une idéologie sociale basée sur la solidarité.
En 1972, Morton Fried dans son The Notion of the Tribe montre de nombreux exemples de membres de tribus qui parlent différentes langues et pratiquent différents rituels ou partagent des langues et pratiques venant d'autres tribus. Il montre aussi différents exemples de tribus qui suivent différents leader politiques. Il conclut
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The royal Museum of central Africa is located in Tervuren, Belgium, in some kilometres in Brussels.
Created in 1897 at the instigation of the king Leopold II he is intimately linked to the history of the colonisation of Congo by Belgium. The museum of Congo, colonial palace in layout art nouveau constructed in the middle of a sumptuous park linked up in Brussels by a double avenue especially creates, was at origin intended to awaken interest and curiosity of the Belgian people for what was in epoch'« independent State of Congo» (on 1884 in 1908).
After 1908, it became the Museum of Belgian Congo then the royal Museum of central Africa in 1960.
History of the museum
To give a window to his Congo and an idea of the economic potential of this region to the Belgians and so to attract investments, Leopold II wanted to do up a kind of museum by staging the original objects, imported in quantity according to a multiple-subject approach: anthropological, ethnological, botanical, zoological, entomological, geological and mineralogical.
Advertising poster for the museum (1910) On the occasion of the World fair of 1897, he made construct in the royal domain of Tervuren the "Palace of colonies" conceived by the Belgian architect Georges Hobé in style art nouveau of epoch. The temporary exhibition which was done up made the nice part
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley , GCB,
born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a Britishjournalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his
search for David Livingstone. Stanley is often remembered
for the words uttered to Livingstone upon finding him: "Dr.
Livingstone, I presume?", although there is some question as to
authenticity of this now famous greeting. Biography
Stanley was born in Denbigh, Wales. At the time, his mother, Elizabeth Parry, was nineteen years
old. According to Stanley himself, his father, John Rowlands, was an alcoholic;
there is some doubt as to his true parentage. His parents were unmarried, so his
birth certificate refers to him as a bastard, and the
stigma of illegitimacy weighed heavily upon him all his life. He
was raised by his grandfather until the age of five. When his guardian died,
Stanley stayed at first with cousins and nieces for a short time, but was
eventually sent to St. Asaph Union Workhouse for
the poor, where overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in frequent abuse
by the older boys. When he was ten, his mother and two siblings stayed for a
short while in this workhouse, without Stanley realizing who they were. He stayed
until the age of 15. After completing an elementary education, he was employed
as a pupil teacher in a National School. In 1859, at the age of 18, he made
his passage to the United States in search of a new life. Upon arriving
in New Orleans, he absconded from his boat.
According to his own declarations, he became friendly with a wealthy trader
named Stanley, by accident: he saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store
and asked him if he had any job opening for a person such as himself. However,
he did so in the British style, "Do you want a boy, sir?" As it
happened, the childless man had indeed
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