Result of the research : 'rives'
La promotion des arts africains : survol historique d'un processus
En Occident, l’acquisition d’objets originaires d’Afrique remonte à l’époque de la Renaissance. Les États européens entament alors des expéditions commerciales vers d’autres contrées à la recherche de produits nouveaux.
Le discours sur les objets évolue selon le contexte idéologique et scientifique de l’Occident depuis le XVe siècle jusqu’à nos jours. Les pièces acquises par les Européens dans les sociétés africaines subissent alors 3 phases majeures d’appropriation et d’interprétation : (1) comme curiosité (XVe – XVIIIe siècle), (2) en tant qu’objets ethnographiques ensuite (XIXe siècle) et finalement (3) comme œuvres d’art (à partir du XXe siècle).
LES EUROPÉENS EN AFRIQUE
Le contexte historique de l’Europe du XVe et du XVIe siècle présente les premières manifestations idéologiques ayant participé à l’installation des colonies sur le continent africain. La montée de la classe bourgeoise dans le système économique lui permet d’imposer ses idées dans le développement des mentalités, principalement par les valeurs du marché économique et du progrès technique, vecteur de richesse. Ainsi, la découverte des autres continents est motivée par la recherche de nouveaux produits.
Les premières expéditions européennes vers le continent africain ont un caractère commercial indéniable et, elles remontent au XVe siècle. Elles ont d’abord lieu sur les côtes et permettent l’établissement de
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GOTTSCHALK Burkhard
- L'art du Continent noir Afrique -
Du Guimballa aux rives du Congo - Volume 1
Détails sur le produit:
Africa Incognita, Dusseldorf, 2005. Softcover. 20x21 cm. - 244 pages. Numerous color and black & white photographs. Text in
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EINSTEIN Carl
Scultura negra - A cura di Ezio Bassani e Jean-Louis Paudrat
Editore: Abscondita Milano - Einstein Carl: Scultura negra, Milano 2009. A cura di E. Bassani, J. L. Paudrat; traduzione: Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti - brossura, pp. 166. (Carte d'artisti. 110) - ISBN: 978-88-8416-201-4
"A nessuna arte l'europeo si accosta con altrettanta diffidenza come all'arte africana. La sua prima reazione è di negare che si tratti di arte, ed egli mostra la distanza che separa le creazioni dell'arte negra dal quadro mentale europeo con un disprezzo che non manca di formarsi una terminologia negativa. Tale distanza e i pregiudizi che ne derivano rendono difficile ogni giudizio estetico, anzi lo rendono impossibile, in quanto un tale giudizio presuppone in primo luogo un processo di avvicinamento. Il negro peraltro è considerato a priori come un essere inferiore che va trattato senza riguardi, e ciò che esso propone è condannato immediatamente come manchevole. Per giudicarlo si è ricorsi sommariamente a ipotesi evoluzioniste assolutamente vaghe. Alcuni se ne servivano per esemplificare un falso concetto di primitività, altri rivestivano quest'oggetto senza difesa con frasi false, parlavano di popoli venuti dalla profondità dei tempi, e cose simili. Si sperava di rintracciare nell'africano una testimonianza delle origini, di uno stato che non si era mai evoluto. La maggior parte delle opinioni espresse sugli africani si fonda su tali pregiudizi formulati per giustificare una comoda teoria. Nei suoi giudizi sui negri l'europeo rivendica un postulato, ossia quello di una sua superiorità assoluta, del tutto
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DAINELLI Giotto
GLI ESPLORATORI ITALIANI IN AFRICA (2 Volumi)
Editore: UNIONE TIPOGRAFICO - EDITRICE TORINESE - 1960
Rilegato, pagg. 785 cm 26 x 16,5 - 198 figure nel testo - Lingua: Italiano
"LA CONQUISTA DELLA TERRA - Esploratori e esplorazioni"
Collezione diretta da Giotto Dainelli - Volume quarto della collezione
DAINELLI Giotto - GLI ESPLORATORI ITALIANI IN AFRICA
Biografia dell'autore
Biografia dell'autore
Giotto Dainelli
(Firenze 19.5 1878 – Firenze 16.11.1968)
Giotto Dainelli, figlio del generale Luigi e di Virginia Mari, nacque a Firenze il 19 maggio 1878. Vantava ascendenze illustri: il padre era imparentato con i carbonari e patrioti bolognesi Zambeccari e Ranuzzi; la madre era figlia dell’avvocato Adriano Mari (1813-1887), politico della destra che rivestì importanti cariche istituzionali. Trascorse la sua infanzia lontano da Firenze, a seguito dei cambiamenti delle sedi di servizio del padre, ed ebbe modo di conoscere l’Europa data l’abitudine della famiglia di approfittare delle vacanze estive per compiere viaggi all’estero.
Nel 1900 si laureò in Scienze naturali all’Istituto di studi superiori di Firenze, dove fu allievo del geologo e paleontologo padovano Carlo De Stefani (1851-1924), all’epoca il più illustre docente della materia (fu direttore dell’Istituto di Geologia di Firenze e accademico dei Lincei); in seguito si perfezionò all’Università di
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WHAT IS AFRICAN ART?
SUPPORT NOTES FOR TEACHER
Learning & Information Department
Telephone +44 (0)20 7323 8511/8854
Facsimile +44 (0)20 7323 8855
education@thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
Great Russell Street
London WC1B 3DG
Switchboard +44 (0)20 7323 8000
www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
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"Art plays an essential role in the lives of the African people and their communities. It serves a much more vital purpose than merely to beautify the human environment, as art is usually employed in contemporary Western societies.
The beauty of African art is simply an element of its function, for these objects would not be effective if they were not aesthetically pleasing. Its beauty and its content thus combine to make art the vehicle that ensures the survival of traditions, protects the community and the individual, and tells much of the person or persons who use it."
Tribal Art is rapidly growing in popularity. An even broader audience has been able to enjoy ‘Tribal Art’ thanks to major exhibitions in recent years in London, Paris, Berlin, Munich and Düsseldorf.
At the start of the 20th century, however, Tribal Art was already arousing great excitement among artists and art collectors. At a time when “Negro Art” was still looked upon as the innocent product of primitive peoples, cubists such as Picasso, Braque or Gris were already drawing inspiration from the strikingly new qualities of form; expressionists such as Kirchner, Nolde or Schmidt-Rottluff were captivated by the elementary power of this native art and Gauguin was painting scenes from his travels to countries of the South Pacific. Non-European art greatly influenced the work of these great artists as it continues to influence modern art of the present day.
Over the course of the decades, great art lovers such as von der Heydt (Rietberg Museum, Zurich) or Mueller (Barbier-Mueller Museum, Geneva) have established significant art collections, which alongside the “colonial legacy” provide the mainstay of the museums’ inventories all over the world. Today it is artists and art enthusiasts such as Baselitz, Arman or Fritz
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Arts of Africa first Black Arts Spring 1981 No. 77
When we examine the significance of an African mask, we do not seek to know what the "message" it provides, by virtue of some essential notion of disguise and by his presence, but rather what kind of continuum it belongs. The masks are at the confluence of pictorial traditions, oral and functional none appears (under secular unable to recognize the subjects and even less discernible. The understanding of pictorial code used requires not only a review but a review of developed components as needed through the original context. Let us offer an example of the image with respect to the buffalo in the region of Zaire Kwango-Kwilu South West (1).
Synceros caffer, the largest of African cattle is a massive animal, black, cropped hair, measuring 1.50 m at the shoulder and weighing nearly a ton (900 kg.) (Fig. 1). Its heavy horns have a spacing of one meter, are curved downward and inward and form large lumps to their bases. This animal, originally occupied the central, eastern and southern Africa, frequenting the open plains, open woods and river beds and marshes bordered by reeds. Commonly preview herds of a dozen to a hundred heads, he used to graze and graze the early morning and again at dusk, seeking shade during the hottest hours but sometimes moving at night . Females do not carry a calf for about eleven months.
Considered peaceful, was injured when he can become, for hunters, the most dangerous animal of any big game on the continent (Fig. 2). He is known for his
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STRENGTH AND MEASUREMENT
The discovery of "primitive art": an art of strength
Shapes and shape functions
Deities and ancestors
The living wood
Force and Measurement
Develop an aesthetic of black Africa is seen as a risky business in many ways. Is it legitimate to isolate these objects, that today we call art, the general framework of their relations and their cultural constraints? Can we submit to a test that has never existed in the minds of their creators? And can we finally see in this art - if we 'take on this term - a uniform phenomenon, despite the wide variety of both regional and local styles we offer this huge continent, following lengthy Historical developments often poorly understood? Finally, remember that this approach excludes large regions, including Africa white, that is to say the Mediterranean area with its ancient history, the eastern and southern Africa whose pastoral peoples have given rise to cultures almost without images, and finally these hunting societies, which, even in our time have not passed the stage of evolution of prehistoric rock paintings which are the main evidence of an artistic production that appears at various points the continent. Similarly, we must exclude from our contribution to the aesthetics of black African art the old feudal societies, including Benin. Our discussion is therefore limited to large areas farmers, the true cradle of
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Culture
Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] is a term that has different meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses:
* excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture
* an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning
* the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.
When the concept first emerged in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe, it connoted a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture. In the nineteenth century, it came to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education, and then to the fulfillment of national aspirations or ideals. In the mid-nineteenth century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.
In the twentieth century, "culture" emerged as a concept central to anthropology, encompassing all human phenomena that are not purely results of human genetics.
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The Age of Jazz
exhibition poster's century jazz
Garden Gallery
exhibition ticket or ticket matched
March 17 to June 28, 2009
Commissioner Daniel Soutif
Jazz, along with film and rock, one of the major artistic events of the twentieth century. This hybrid music marked the global culture of its sounds and rhythms.
The exhibition, designed by the philosopher and art critic Daniel Soutif, presented in chronological relations between jazz and graphic arts throughout the twentieth century.
From painting to photography, from cinema to literature, not to mention the graphic or comic book, the exhibition shows more particularly the development of jazz in Europe and France in the 30 and 40.
e route of exposure
Life, 1 July 1926 (FG Cooper, 1926) © Collection Philippe Baudoin
Life, 1 July 1926 (FG Cooper, 1926) © Collection Philippe Baudoin
The exhibition is divided into ten chronological sections connected by a "timeline", vertical window through which the exhibition will bring together works, objects and documents, scores illustrated posters, records and folders, pictures ... entrusted to evoke directly the main events in the history of jazz.
This structured timeline by year is the common thread of
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Primitive arts in Kaos
Le Journal des Arts - n ° 220 - September 9, 2005
The young Parisian journey Kaos has quickly become the global meeting place among lovers of primitive art. With a fourth edition even richer.
It took only two years at Kaos-Course Worlds in Paris Saint-Germain-des-Prés, home of the primitive arts, to win. Modeled on that of Bruneaf Brussels (Brussels Non European Art Fair), Kaos is an open event bringing together specialist dealers concentrated in one area (ie, exhibiting in their walls or hosted by other galleries). But while Bruneaf is losing momentum in recent years, Kaos is getting stronger. Created in 2002 from an idea by Rik Gadella (among other founder of Paris Photo), the appointment of Parisian art lovers first hosted the first year 21 galleries around the axis of the Rue de Seine, then 40 participants in 2003. The formula took off in 2004 with 51 exhibitors from around the world and has already reached international fame. This latest edition was also shown the excesses of the success of Kaos: merchants had refused leased spaces on the course to enjoy the commercial success generated by the event. Without dwelling on the subject, "not to do their advertising, its management announced a reinforcement of the signage" Kaos "to foreclose any parasites.
Must
This year, 55 galleries will open the festivities on the evening of Sept. 14, in a friendly atmosphere that gives the event a very special charm
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Sir Henry Morton Stanley (né John Rowlands) est un journaliste britannique né le 28 janvier 1841 à Dinbych dans le Denbighshire et mort le 10 mai 1904.
Son père était fermier et s'appelait John Rowlands. Tôt orphelin, il embarque, à l'âge de 15 ans, comme mousse pour l'Amérique. Il débarque à La Nouvelle-Orléans et est adopté par un riche négociant nommé Stanley, qui lui donne son patronyme. Il participe ensuite à la guerre de Sécession comme soldat sudiste avant de devenir le correspondant de divers journaux en Asie mineure et en Abyssinie (Éthiopie).
Henry Morton Stanley
Comment j'ai retrouvé Livingstone
Sa réputation grandit et, en 1869, le rédacteur en chef du New York Herald l'envoie à nouveau en Afrique équatoriale, avec pour mission de retrouver David Livingstone, parti à la recherche de la source du Nil et porté disparu, afin de réaliser un formidable scoop ! Il lui faudra de longs mois pour découvrir le célèbre explorateur. Il y parviendra le 10 novembre 1871. Livingstone bloqué à Ujiji sur les rives du lac Tanganyika, en Tanzanie, est malade et à court de vivres. Plus tard, Stanley publiera le récit de cette aventure qu'il intitulera : Comment j'ai retrouvé Livingstone ; ce
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Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà ou Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan de Brazza en français, né à Castel Gandolfo le 26 janvier 1852 et mort à Dakar le 14 septembre 1905, est un explorateur italien naturalisé français. Il explora la rive droite du fleuve Congo ouvrant la voie à la colonisation française en Afrique équatoriale. Sa bonhommie, son charme, son approche pacifique des Africains faisaient de Brazza une figure d’exception parmi ses contemporains qui exploraient l’Afrique au nom des grandes puissances occidentales.
Un explorateur pacifique et altruiste
Élevé à Rome, sous le nom de « Pietro Paolo Savorgnan di Brazzà », le futur explorateur est le septième fils des douze enfants du comte Ascanio Savorgnan di Brazzà, un noble d’Udine. Cet homme cultivé et voyageur avait de nombreux amis français, dont le prestigieux amiral Louis de Montaignac. Avec son soutien et celui de son précepteur, Pietro vient à Paris et suit les cours du collège Sainte-Geneviève pour préparer le concours d’entrée à l’École navale de Brest. Il y rentre à 17 ans, en ressort enseigne de vaisseau et embarque sur la Jeanne d’Arc pour l’Algérie. Là-bas, il est horrifié par la violence de la répression de la révolte kabyle par les troupes françaises. La guerre de 1870 est alors déclarée : il veut être affecté dans une unité combattante. Il en profite pour demander la naturalisation française et se retrouve sur le
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Royaume bambara de Ségou
Le Royaume bambara de Ségou s’étend sur grande partie de l’actuel Mali entre la fin du XVIIe siècle et 1861.
Au milieu du XVIIe siècle, les Bambaras créent avec Kaladjan Coulibaly un royaume animiste autour de Ségou. Kaladjan Coulibaly règne pendant trente ans (1652-1682) mais ne réussit pas à fonder un État stable. Ses successeurs seraient les rois Danfassari (1682-1697) et Souma (1697-1712).
C’est avec Mamari Coulibaly, dit Biton Coulibaly, que le royaume va asseoir son autorité. Mamari Coulibaly, fils de chasseur, était reconnu par ses pairs comme chef d’un « ton ». Le « ton » est un regroupement, sur une base égalitaire, de jeunes d’une même classe d’âge d’un village qui se réunissent régulièrement notamment pour boire la fameuse bière de mil, le « dolo ». Biton Coulibaly structure les tons en véritable armée de métier composés de volontaire, les « tondjons » (serviteurs du ton) mais où sont également incorporés d’office les captifs de guerre et les habitants qui n’arrivent pas à payer l’impôt obligatoire sur le dolo. S’associant aux Somono, une ethnie de pêcheurs, il crée une flotte de guerre. Biton Coulibaly règne de 1712 à sa mort en 1755. Pendant son règne, les limites du royaume s’étendent sur les deux rives du Niger, entre Bamako et Tombouctou.
Le fils de Biton, Dinkoro Coulibaly succède à son père en 1755. Il est assassiné en 1757 pour « cause de tyrannie ». Son frère, Ali Coulibaly, musulman,
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Mali EmpireThe Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a West African civilization of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. The Mali Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. The Mali empire extended over an area larger than western Europe and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.Manden1235-1600's. The Mali Empire grew out of an area referred to by its contemporary inhabitants as Manden. Manden, named for its inhabitants the Mandinka (initially Manden’ka with “ka” meaning people of), comprised most of present-day northern Guinea and southern Mali. The empire was originally established as a federation of Mandinka tribes called the Manden Kurufa (literally Manden Federation), but it later became an empire ruling millions of people from nearly every ethnic group in West Africa.EtymologyThe naming origins of the Mali Empire are complex and still debated in scholarly circles around the world. While the meaning of “Mali” is still contested, the process of how it entered the regional lexicon is not. As mentioned earlier, the Mandinka of the Middle Ages referred to their ethnic homeland as “Manden”.
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Art
Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the early 20th century. Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approaches: the Realist, whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view; the Objectivist, whereby it is also an absolute value, but is dependent on general human experience; and the Relativist position, whereby it is not an absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of different humans. An object may be characterized by the intentions, or lack thereof, of its creator, regardless of its apparent purpose. A cup, which ostensibly can be used as a container, may be considered art if intended solely as an ornament, while a painting may be deemed craft if mass-produced.
Traditionally, the term art was used to refer to any skill or mastery. This conception changed during the Romantic period, when art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science". Generally, art is made with the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions.
The nature of art has been described by Richard Wollheim as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture". It has been defined
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Guillaume Apollinaire
Born 26 August 1880(1880-08-26)
Rome, Italy1
Died 9 November 1918 (aged 38)
Paris, France
Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki, known as Guillaume Apollinaire Rome, August 26, 1880 – November 9, 1918, Paris) was a French poet, writer and art critic born in Italy to a Polish mother.
Among the foremost poets of the early 20th century, he is credited with coining the word "surrealism" and writing one of the earliest works described as surrealist, the play Les Mamelles de Tirésias (1917, used as the basis for a 1947 opera).
Two years after being wounded in World War I, he died at age 38, a victim of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic.
Life
Born Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki and raised speaking French, among other languages, he emigrated to France and adopted the name Guillaume Apollinaire. His mother, born Angelica Kostrowicka, was a Polish noblewoman born near Navahrudak (now in Belarus). Apollinaire's father is unknown but may have been Francesco Flugi d'Aspermont, a Swiss Italian aristocrat
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Africa since 1935
Research Director
Professor A. A. Mazrui (Kenya)
Co-Director
C. Wondji (Ivory Coast)
Arts and society since 1935
J. VANSINA
Across Africa today the arts give the show an amazing cauldron of creativity emerged with a dizzying diversity of all layers of society. Many new artistic trends date from the second half of the colonial period. Besides, some pioneers are still working today. After all, it is past two generations since 1935. But in that short time, the artistic activity was a richness and diversity as this chapter may at most trace the main lines of its evolution (1).
Initially, we must enumerate a few general features of social and cultural matrix that is all. These are: the growing impact but unevenly distributed in Europe, the growth of cities, social stratification more trenches that lead to the formation of new classes, the industrial division of time has reached the beaches of leisure may be devoted to the practice and enjoyment of the arts, the prestige associated with the technical and technical training, changing the place and role of the artist in society, past status of artisan to that of cultural soothsayer The change in attitude toward art and their use, alteration of values in general and more specifically the changing religious values. The multiplication of objects of artistic production offers new opportunities, these are just
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The Metropolitan Museum of Art is an art museum located on the eastern edge of Central Park, along what is known as Museum Mile in New York City, USA. It has a permanent collection containing more than two million works of art, divided into nineteen curatorial departments. The main building, often referred to simply as "the Met," is one of the world's largest art galleries, and has a much smaller second location in Upper Manhattan, at "The Cloisters," which features medieval art.
Represented in the permanent collection are works of art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine and Islamic art. The museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. A number of notable interiors, ranging from 1st century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Met's galleries.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue.
As of 2007, the Met measures almost a quarter mile long and occupies more than two million square feet.
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Sculpture dedicated to Gou divinity of wrought iron and war
Work iron 168cm in height made before 1858 by Akati Ekplékendo
Current Republic of Benin
Lauren Papet, Ecole du Louvre
Arrival in French collections and identification problems
This statue has been reported in France in 1894 by Captain Eugene Fonssagrives following the conquest of Dahomey. It belonged to the spoils of war found in the palaces of Abomey, abandoned by the fleeing King Behanzin, who himself had perhaps made on the side in preparation for the French attack in the hope that the god help protect the kingdom on its most vulnerable border. She was then given directly to the Trocadero Museum of Ethnography, the current Museum of Man (recorded April 30, 1894).
First Fonssagrives was presented as was a representation of Ebo, patron god of Ouidah thesis refuted by Maurice Delafosse in 1894, indicating that the divinity of Ouidah is not the serpent but Ebo Dan. The name "Ebo" would have probably been given Fonssagrives response when he asked what the object (Bo meaning receptacle of supernatural forces). She was named Gou, its present name after World War II, his resemblance to the voodoo (god) of iron and protector of the forge, metal and war have been considered fairly obvious.
Technical Achievement
Government also has a variety of techniques to work with iron: forged, rolled, hammered, nailed and riveted.
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