Result of the research : 'strauss'
Pol Pierre Gossiaux
Titulaire de la Chaire
d’Anthropologie des systèmes symboliques
et d’Ethnosémiologie de l’Art africain
Université de Liège (Belgium)
PP.Gossiaux@ulg.ac.be
Le Bwame du Léopard
des
Babembe (Kivu-Congo)
Rituel initiatique et rituel funéraire
Avec 52 illustrations
2
Table des matières (1ère partie)
Avant dire. Présentation du Bwamè
3
Fondements de l’anthropologie
et de l’ethnosémiologie bembe
10
Exorciser l’animal
Fondements du savoir bembe
15
Les animaux et la titulature du Bwamè
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LEVI-STRAUSS Claude
MITO E SIGNIFICATO
Dettagli sul prodotto:
Editore: IL SAGGIATORE TASCABILI - Collana: NARRATIVA - Pubblicazione: 01/2010
Numero di pagine: 70 - Brossura - ISBN: 8856501619 - ISBN-13: 9788856501612
Descrizione: In un libro che nello spazio di poche pagine racchiude considerazioni metodologiche, spunti autobiografici, interpretazioni di miti, racconti di usanze amerinde, Claude Lévi-Strauss illustra il suo procedimento e i frutti principali delle sue ricerche. Partendo dalla contrapposizione tra mito e scienza, tra pensiero "primitivo" e "civilizzato", l'autore ripercorre le tappe della propria opera, che fin dal principio ha cercato di sistematizzare gli usi e i riti dei popoli privi di scrittura. Il risultato è un metodo interpretativo che ha influenzato radicalmente la cultura contemporanea, dalla linguistica alle scienze sociali, e ha allargato gli orizzonti
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L’ARTISTE AFRICAIN
" Pour le sculpteur noir, le meilleur masque, dit-on, est le plus efficace ;
d'où vient son efficacité, sinon de la plénitude de son style ? "
A. MALRAUX
L'artiste africain, pour nous, est resté longtemps anonyme. Et pourtant, il joue un rôle essentiel entre le visible et l'invisible ; il participe à la cohésion et à l'évolution de son propre groupe culturel ; éventuellement, à travers sa création, il peut toucher des communautés voisines.
FORMATION
En Afrique, dès l'enfance, il existe une éducation collective par "classes d'âge". Après les toutes premières années, au moment du passage de l'adolescence à l'âge adulte, (excision, circoncision), donc à la séparation des sexes, le jeune homme -car en Afrique, c'est uniquement l'homme qui peut devenir artiste- sera en principe dirigé par les sages, selon ses dons, vers différents secteurs de la vie sociale : la chasse, la parole, le chant ou la musique, la sculpture sur bois ou le travail de la forge. Alors il recevra un enseignement sur
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Art premier Voir art premiersLes expressions art premier ou art primitif (primitive art en anglais) sont employées pour désigner les productions artistiques des sociétés dites « traditionnelles », « sans écriture » ou « primitives ».Elles sont controversées dans la mesure où elles traduisent une conception évolutionniste et ethnocentriste des sociétés humaines : les sociétés occidentales produiraient un « art abouti » s'opposant aux « arts premiers », qui seraient l'œuvre des peuples restés proches d'un état archaïque de l'humanité.Si cette vision est largement remise en cause aujourd'hui, les expressions subsistent notamment dans les pays anglo-saxons. L'appellation « Musée des arts premiers », initialement envisagée, a été abandonnée pour désigner le Musée du quai Branly.Les expressions « art sauvage » ou « art traditionnel » sont également utilisées, sans être entièrement satisfaisantes non plus.See the continuation... ]
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Anthropologie religieuse
L'anthropologie religieuse est le domaine de l'anthropologie qui étudie le fait religieux, c'est-à-dire non seulement les pratiques ou les rites mais aussi les corpus théologiques savants ou non (mythes, textes sacrés, doctrine) propres à chaque tradition religieuse.
Indépendamment de la pratique religieuse, cette carte du monde représente la proportion de la population de chaque pays déclarant la religion comme quelque chose de « très important » pour elle : de 20% (en bleu) à 90% en rouge foncé ; en gris, pas de sondage disponible.
Essai de définition anthropologique du fait religieux
* Tylor,1871 : C'est une croyance en des êtres spirituels. Avec Frazer, Tylor fait partie de l'« école » évolutionniste qui soutient le passage du fait religieux par trois stades : la magie, la religion, la science.
* Durkheim : La religion est une émanation de la société et une célébration de la société par elle-même. Il fait partie de l'« école sociologique française » et tend comme Mauss et Weber à souligner l'importance du lien entre fait religieux et société.
* Mauss : Ensemble de
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Mythology
The term "mythology" sometimes refers to the study of myths and sometimes refers to a body of myths. For example, comparative mythology is the study of connections between myths from different cultures, whereas Greek mythology is the body of myths from ancient Greece. The term "myth" is often used colloquially to refer to a false story;[4][5] however, the academic use of the term generally does not refer to truth or falsity.In the field of folkloristics, a myth is conventionally defined as a sacred narrative explaining how the world and humankind came to be in their present form.Many scholars in other academic fields use the term "myth" in somewhat different ways. In a very broad sense, the term can refer to any traditional story.
Nature of myths
Typical characteristics
The main characters in myths are usually gods or supernatural heroes. As sacred stories, myths are often endorsed by rulers and priests and closely linked to religion. In the society in which it is told, a myth is usually regarded as a true account of the remote past.[14][17][18][15] In fact, many societies have two categories of traditional narrative—(1) "true stories", or myths, and (2) "false stories", or fables.Myths generally take place in a primordial age, when the world had not yet achieved its current form.[14] They explain how the world gained its current form and how customs, institutions, and taboos were established.
Related
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Culture
Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] is a term that has different meanings. For example, in 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. However, the word "culture" is most commonly used in three basic senses:
* excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture
* an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning
* the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.
When the concept first emerged in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Europe, it connoted a process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture. In the nineteenth century, it came to refer first to the betterment or refinement of the individual, especially through education, and then to the fulfillment of national aspirations or ideals. In the mid-nineteenth century, some scientists used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.
In the twentieth century, "culture" emerged as a concept central to anthropology, encompassing all human phenomena that are not purely results of human genetics.
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Ethnology
Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit, custom, convention") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.
Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollár who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.
Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "human nature", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc.). In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain. The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been
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Jean Rouch
Jean Rouch (Paris - 31 May 1917, Niger - 18 February 2004) was a French filmmaker and anthropologist.
He is considered to be one of the founders of the cinéma vérité in France, sharing the aesthetics of the direct cinema in the US pionered by Richard Leacock,D.A. Pennebaker and Albert and David Maysles. Rouch's practice as a filmmaker for over sixty years in Africa, was characterized by the idea of shared anthropology. Influenced by his discovery of surealism in his early twenties, many of his films blur the line between fiction and documentary, creating a new style of ethnofiction. He was also hailed by the French New Wave as one of theirs. His seminal film Me a Black (Moi un Noir) pionered the technique of jump cut popularized by Jean-Luc Godard. Godard said of Rouch in the Cahiers du Cinéma (Notebooks on Cinema) n°94 April 1959 "In charge of research for the Musée de l'Homme (French, "Museum of Man") Is there a better definition for a filmmaker?". Along his career, Rouch was no stranger to controversy. He would often repeat "Glory to he who brings dispute".
Biography
He began his long association with African subjects in 1941 after working as civil engineer supervising a construction project in Niger. However, shortly afterwards he returned to France to participate in the Resistance. After the war, he did a brief stint as a journalist with Agence France-Presse before returning to Africa where he become an influential anthropologist and sometimes controversial
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Germaine Dieterlen, née à Valleraugue (Gard) en 1903 et morte à Paris le 13 novembre 1999, est une ethnologue française.
Ancienne élève de Marcel Mauss, elle a travaillé au sein des ethnies Dogon et Bambara avec, entre autres, Marcel Griaule, Jean Rouch, Solange de Ganay et Denise Paulme.
Elle débuta ses recherches au Mali en 1937 où elle poursuivit les travaux entamés par le répérage de la mission Dakar-Djibouti (voir Dakar et Djibouti) de Griaule et consorts.
Elle a été Directeur d'Etudes à l'École pratique des hautes études EPHE (Sorbonne) avec charge d'enseignement.
De 1956 à 1975 elle succède à Marcel Griaule comme secrétaire générale de la Société des africanistes.
En 1962 elle fait partie de l'équipe du CNRS RCP n°11 Objet et méthodes d'une ethnosociologie comparée de l'Afrique noire.
Fin 1968, la RCP 11 évolue, sous la direction de Germaine Dieterlen, pour devenir le Groupe de Recherche 11, sous le nom de Étude des phénomènes religieux en Afrique occidentale et équatoriale.
En octobre 1971 elle préside le colloque La notion de personne en Afrique noire dont les actes du même nom
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Claude Lévi-Strauss
20th-century philosophy
Full name Claude Lévi-Strauss
Born 28 November 1908 (1908-11-28) (age 100)
Brussels, Belgium
School/tradition Structuralism
Claude Lévi-Strauss; born 28 November 1908) is a French anthropologist.
Biography
Claude Lévi-Strauss, born in Brussels, grew up in Paris, living in a street of the 16th arrondissement named after the artist Nicolas Poussin, whose work he later admired and wrote about. Lévi-Strauss's father was also a painter, and Claude was born in Brussels because his father had taken a contract to paint there.
At the Sorbonne in Paris, Lévi-Strauss studied law and philosophy. After an epiphany resulting from a late night conversation strolling around the grounds of True's Yard, King's Lynn with renowned cryptozoologist Lewis Daly,he did not pursue his study of law but agrégated in philosophy in 1931. In 1935, after a few years of secondary-school teaching, he took up a last-minute offer to be part of a French cultural mission to Brazil in which he
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Tristan Tzara
Born April 4 or April 16, 1896
Moineşti, Kingdom of Romania
Died December 25, 1963 (aged 67)
Paris, France
Pen name S. Samyro, Tristan, Tristan Ruia, Tristan Ţara, Tr. Tzara
Occupation poet, essayist, journalist, playwright, performance artist, composer, film director, politician, diplomat
Nationality Romanian, French
Writing period 1912–1963
Guillaume Apollinaire, Henri Barzun, Fernand Divoire, Alfred Jarry, Jules Laforgue, Comte de Lautréamont, Maurice Maeterlinck, Adrian Maniu, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Ion Minulescu, Christian Morgenstern, Francis Picabia, Arthur Rimbaud, Urmuz, François Villon, Walt Whitman
Influenced
Louis Aragon, Marcel Avramescu, Samuel Beckett, André Breton, William S. Burroughs, Andrei Codrescu, Jacques G.
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André Breton
André Breton (February 19, 1896 – September 28, 1966) was a French writer, poet, and surrealist theorist, and is best known as the principal founder of Surrealism. His writings include the Surrealist Manifesto of 1924, in which he defined surrealism as "pure psychic automatism".
Biography
Born to a family of modest means in Tinchebray (Orne) in Normandy, he studied medicine and psychiatry. During World War I he worked in a neurological ward in Nantes, where he met the spiritual son of Alfred Jarry, Jacques Vaché, whose anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition influenced Breton considerably. Vaché committed suicide at age 24 and his war-time letters to Breton and others were published in a volume entitled Lettres de guerre (1919), for which Breton wrote four introductory essays.
From Dada to Surrealism
In 1919 Breton founded the review Littérature with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault. He also connected with Dadaist Tristan Tzara. In 1924 he was instrumental to the founding of the Bureau of Surrealist Research.
In The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques), a collaboration with Soupault, he put the principle of automatic writing into practice. He published the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, and was editor of La
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Art
Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.
The definition and evaluation of art has become especially problematic since the early 20th century. Richard Wollheim distinguishes three approaches: the Realist, whereby aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of any human view; the Objectivist, whereby it is also an absolute value, but is dependent on general human experience; and the Relativist position, whereby it is not an absolute value, but depends on, and varies with, the human experience of different humans. An object may be characterized by the intentions, or lack thereof, of its creator, regardless of its apparent purpose. A cup, which ostensibly can be used as a container, may be considered art if intended solely as an ornament, while a painting may be deemed craft if mass-produced.
Traditionally, the term art was used to refer to any skill or mastery. This conception changed during the Romantic period, when art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science". Generally, art is made with the intention of stimulating thoughts and emotions.
The nature of art has been described by Richard Wollheim as "one of the most elusive of the traditional problems of human culture". It has been defined
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DE L'ART ANCIEN AFRICAIN, DE L'ETHNOLOGIE ET DU MUSEE: POUR UN RECENTREMENT DE L'ESTHETIQUE...
Au
commencement était la nuit. Une longue nuit pour l'esthétique
africaine. Ce fut le règne sans partage du musée dit «de séries»,
véritable vitrine du colonialisme, de confession évolutionniste et dont
l'approche contextualiste célébrait l'Etrange, chantait l'Aventure et
la Science. A cette époque point d'« objets », que des curiosités,
trésors de guerre et pièces de laboratoires de chevronnés «
Civilisateurs ». Il n'était pas rare alors, de voir des sculptures
côtoyer dans les vitrines : cornes, peaux de bêtes et autres feuilles
de palmier. Puis, il y eut le regard affûté d'une jeune génération
d'artistes particulièrement douée et par ailleurs cruellement blasée,
en quête de médecine pour un art européen las de son académisme figé.
Cette génération vit dans ce fouillis les moyens d'une rédemption...
Une
certaine révolution est venue corriger l'évidente injustice, consacrant
depuis le siècle dernier des expositions à caractère esthétique pour la
production africaine. Désormais, les objets, dans une dramaturgie
suggérée par les seules qualités plastiques, invitent à un rapport
nouveau. Exit la surabondance, la cacophonie et le "meurtre du vrai"
que génère la tentative bancale de reconstitution de l'ailleurs
fantasmé. Ici on ne rejoue pas le film de l'heureuse rencontre avortée
entre "civilisés" et "primitifs". Nous avons les vrais Stars que sont
les objets, mais d'une
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Tribe
A tribe, is a social group of humans connected by a shared system of values and organized for mutual care, defense, and survival beyond that which could be attained by a lone individual or family. A 'tribe' is defined in anthropology. When viewed historically or developmentally, a tribe is a mutual care system which, unlike a kingdom or state or other schema, is oriented around kinship and shared beliefs. Tribes can well exist simultaneously with other schema (see Schema (psychology)) such as states or other systems. They might consist of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states. Tribes are the most enduring and successful social survival system that has ever existed on earth. Tribes can exist within or without a state or kingdom and may or may not depend on the state or kingdom to endure.
Many anthropologists use the term to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups.
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to states.
Etymology
The English word tribe occurs in 13th century Middle English literature as referring to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic
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Ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of human beings whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or presumed.
Ethnic identity is further marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness and the recognition of common cultural, linguistic, religious, behavioural ,, as indicators of contrast to other groups.
Ethnicity is an important means through which people can identify themselves. According to "Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, politics, and reality", a conference organised by Statistics Canada and the United States Census Bureau (April 1–3, 1992), "Ethnicity is a fundamental factor in human life: it is a phenomenon inherent in human experience." However, many social scientists, like anthropologists Fredrik Barth and Eric Wolf, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.Processes that result in the emergence of such identification are called ethnogenesis. Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time. Historians and cultural anthropologists have documented, however, that often many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
According to Thomas Hylland Eriksen, until recently the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates. One is between "primordialism" and
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The Quai Branly museum is set on quai
Branly in the 7th district of Paris, where was located the Foreign Exchange
Market Department. Ambitious project led by Jacques Chirac (passionated by « primitive
art ») and realised by Jean Nouvel, it has been unveiled the 20th of June
2006. History Jacques Kerchache, art seller and african art expert, tried from the
begining of the 1990’s to bring the « primitive arts » into the
Louvre museum. In 1990 he signed in the newpaper Libération an article on this
topic ; the same year he met Jacques Chirac, then mayor of Paris. The latter is elected president of the Republic in 1995. As soon as he
arrived at the head of the State, he askes for the opening of a primitive art department
at the Louvre museum. One year later he announced the project of creation of a
new museum, which quickly meet an opposition, especially with a strike of the personnal of the Man
museum in 1999, to stand in the way of the disassembly of the museum’s
collections and criticize the primacy of the aesthetic choice instead of the
scientific factors. An architecture competition is sent out in 1999, designating Jean Nouvel as
the architect. This museum is unveiled the 20th of June 2006 by Jacques
Chirac, in the presence of Kofi Annan, Rigoberta Menchú, Paul Okalik, Dominique
de Villepin, Lionel Jospin and Jean-Pierre Raffarin. The Quai Branly museum has
the status of public administratove institution. It’s placed under the guardianship
of the Department of Culture and
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Claude Lévi-Strauss, né le 28 novembre 1908 à Bruxelles, est un anthropologue, ethnologue et philosophe français. Professeur honoraire au Collège de France, dont il a occupé la chaire d'anthropologie sociale de 1959 à 1982, et membre de l'Académie française, dont il est devenu le premier centenaire, il compte parmi les premiers théoriciens de la pensée structuraliste. Depuis ses premiers travaux sur les Indiens du Brésil, qu'il a étudiés sur le terrain entre 1935 et 1939, et la publication de sa thèse Les Structures élémentaires de la parenté en 1949, il a produit une œuvre scientifique dont les apports ont été reconnus au plan international. Il a ainsi consacré une tétralogie, les Mythologiques, à l'étude des mythes. Mais il a également publié des ouvrages qui sortent du strict cadre des études académiques, dont le plus célèbre, Tristes Tropiques, publié en 1955, l'a fait connaître et apprécier d'un vaste cercle de lecteurs. Biographie Enfance et formation
Claude Lévi-Strauss, issu d'une famille juive d'origine alsacienne, est né à Bruxelles de parents français. Son père était un peintre portraitiste, qui fut ruiné par l'arrivée de la photographie et son grand-père maternel était le rabbin de la synagogue de Versailles. Il fait ses études secondaires à Paris aux lycées Janson-de-Sailly et Condorcet ; puis des études supérieures à la faculté de droit de Paris (licence) et à la Sorbonne (troisième à l'agrégation de philosophie en
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