Résultat de la recherche : 'formal'
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Culture
Le mot culture tend à désigner la totalité des pratiques succédant à la nature. Chez l'humain, la culture évolue dans le temps et dans les formules d'échanges. Elle se constitue en manières distinctes d'être, de penser, d'agir et de communiquer. Ainsi, pour une institution internationale comme l'UNESCO : « Dans son sens le plus large, la culture peut aujourd'hui être considérée comme l'ensemble des traits distinctifs, spirituels et matériels, intellectuels et affectifs, qui caractérisent une société ou un groupe social. Elle englobe, outre les arts et les lettres, les modes de vie, les droits fondamentaux de l'être humain, les systèmes de valeurs, les traditions et les croyances. »
La notion de culture est au cœur d'un enjeu humain essentiel : celui de dire ce qu'est l'espèce (homo sapiens sapiens) à travers ce qu'elle fait. C'est pourquoi l'on observe à la fois une tendance à couvrir - en tache d'huile - des activités de plus en plus diverses et éloignées les unes des autres (culture générale, culture religieuse, culture traditionnelle, culture technique, culture d'entreprise, industries culturelles, ministère de la culture, cultures animales, etc.) et une propension à perdre toute signification philosophique globale, précise ou tranchée.
On observe aussi que le sens du mot « culture » dépend étroitement de la stratégie de l'institution ou de l'acteur
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Masks
The viewing of masks is often restricted to certain peoples or places,
even when used in performance, or masquerade. African masks manifest
spirits of ancestors or nature as well as characters that are spiritual
and social forces. During a masquerade, which is performed during
ceremonial occasions such as agricultural, initiation, leadership and
funerary rites, the mask becomes the otherworld being. When collected
by Western cultures, masks are often displayed without their costume
ensemble and lack the words, music and movement, or dance, that are
integral to the context of African masquerades.
Visually, masks are often a combination of human and animal traits.
They can be made of wood, natural or man-made fibers, cloth and animal
skin. Masks are usually worn with costumes and can, to some extent, be
categorized by form, which includes face masks, crest masks, cap masks,
helmet masks, shoulder masks, and fiber and body masks. Maskettes,
which are shaped like masks, are smaller and are not worn on or over
the face. They may be worn on an individual’s arm or hip or hung on a
fence or other structure near the performance area.
Sculpture
The cultures of Africa have created a world-renowned tradition of
three-dimensional and relief sculpture. Everyday and ceremonial works
of great delicacy and surface detail are fashioned by artists using
carving, modeling, smithing and casting techniques. Masks, figures,
musical instruments, containers, furniture, tools and equipment are all
part of the sculptor’s repertoire.
The human figure is perhaps the most prominent sculptural form in
Africa, as it has been for millennia. Male and female images in wood,
ivory, bone, stone, earth, fired clay, iron and copper alloy embody
cultural values, depict the ideal and represent spirits, ancestors and
deities. Used in a broad range of contexts--initiation, healing,
divination,
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Throughout
the centuries, African artists have created artworks in various media
that underscore the dynamic quality of Africa's visual traditions.
The categories presented here represent the breadth of the collection
and are intended as a guide. The
NMAfA collection includes tradition-based and contemporary
works of art. Both address important issues of identity, history
and aesthetics, demonstrate dynamism and reflect change as African
artists respond to new ideas, materials and sources of inspiration.
Tradition-based arts
help shape and reflect established formal, functional and aesthetic
canons. These artworks, which are used in everyday and ceremonial
settings, address individual and community needs and serve social,
religious and political ends. Humans and animals, the primary subjects
in African art, depict desirable and undesirable aspects of human
behavior. Deities, ancestors and other spiritual beings that are
portrayed embody the breadth of African religious beliefs and practices. The creators of tradition-based
African art are known and respected members of their communities.
Unfortunately, those who created many of the exquisite works now
found in museum collections remain unknown because their names were
not recorded when the objects were collected many decades ago. In
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DIEU D’EAU, entretiens avec Ogotemmêli par Marcel GRIAULE (1898-1956) Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1975, 224 pages.
Table des matières
Les Ogol
Première Journée. — Ogotemmêli. Seconde Journée. — La première parole et la jupe de fibres.
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